Land surveyors are professionals whose job relates to surveying land to demarcate boundaries for various structures and infrastructure. These structures and infrastructure include roads, railways, public facilities, factory structures, and private homes among others. Surveyors are usually charged with many responsibilities, which mean that they must be properly trained and licensed in order to dispense their duties to the public. Each country has requirements that surveyor must meet in order for them to practice. This is worth knowing about Missouri Boundary Survey.
Surveying has been in existence for a very long period. It is therefore an old practice. Ancient civilizations like the Roman and Greek Empires practiced surveying and there is evidence to support this fact. Surveying was done at the basic level during that period. However, much development has been carried out to make the field better. When it comes to equipment and methods applied presently, the level of sophistication is very high.
Globally, various instruments are made use of in this field. Theodolite, 3D scanners, measuring tape, rod, GPS/GNSS, and total station are among the commonest instruments in use. Many of them are screwed onto a tripod to allow them to be utilized effectually. Normally, tape measures are applied for short distances.
Theodolites are used to measure angles in surveying. Protractors, alidades, and two separate circles are used to measure vertical and horizontal angles of planes. A telescope is usually used to vertically align the object that is targeted. Trunnions are usually used to mount telescopes. The angle that the telescope makes against the vertical line is measured by the vertical circle. The line made is known as the zenith angle.
A gyrotheodolite is a special kind of theodolite. This instrument makes use of a gyroscope so that it can orient itself. This is usually necessary in cases where reference marks do not exist. The use of gyrotheodolite is in underground applications. Theodolites have been developed further into total stations. Total stations are basically theodolites only that they are developed with an electronic distance measurement device.
A total station can be used for leveling when set to a horizontal plane. Total stations were optical-mechanical devices during their initial introduction. Better technology and more development have occurred allowing total stations to become fully electronic today. Reflectors or prisms are no longer needed by modern total stations to return light pulses applied in measurement of distances. Advanced total stations are fully robotic. They are able to e-mail data to remote computers.
Modern stations can also connect to satellite positioning systems automatically. With real time kinematic GPS systems, the speed of surveying has increased a lot. However, real time kinematics GPS systems still have limited accuracy in both vertical and horizontal planes. Horizontal accuracy is accurate to only 20 mm while vertically, they have an accuracy of up to 30-40 mm.
There is much variation in the application of GPS in surveying compared to the way GPS is applied in other equipment and methods. Two receivers are used in static GPS. These two receivers are positioned in a place for a significant period to allow them to compare measurements as satellites orbit. This ensures accuracy.
Surveying has been in existence for a very long period. It is therefore an old practice. Ancient civilizations like the Roman and Greek Empires practiced surveying and there is evidence to support this fact. Surveying was done at the basic level during that period. However, much development has been carried out to make the field better. When it comes to equipment and methods applied presently, the level of sophistication is very high.
Globally, various instruments are made use of in this field. Theodolite, 3D scanners, measuring tape, rod, GPS/GNSS, and total station are among the commonest instruments in use. Many of them are screwed onto a tripod to allow them to be utilized effectually. Normally, tape measures are applied for short distances.
Theodolites are used to measure angles in surveying. Protractors, alidades, and two separate circles are used to measure vertical and horizontal angles of planes. A telescope is usually used to vertically align the object that is targeted. Trunnions are usually used to mount telescopes. The angle that the telescope makes against the vertical line is measured by the vertical circle. The line made is known as the zenith angle.
A gyrotheodolite is a special kind of theodolite. This instrument makes use of a gyroscope so that it can orient itself. This is usually necessary in cases where reference marks do not exist. The use of gyrotheodolite is in underground applications. Theodolites have been developed further into total stations. Total stations are basically theodolites only that they are developed with an electronic distance measurement device.
A total station can be used for leveling when set to a horizontal plane. Total stations were optical-mechanical devices during their initial introduction. Better technology and more development have occurred allowing total stations to become fully electronic today. Reflectors or prisms are no longer needed by modern total stations to return light pulses applied in measurement of distances. Advanced total stations are fully robotic. They are able to e-mail data to remote computers.
Modern stations can also connect to satellite positioning systems automatically. With real time kinematic GPS systems, the speed of surveying has increased a lot. However, real time kinematics GPS systems still have limited accuracy in both vertical and horizontal planes. Horizontal accuracy is accurate to only 20 mm while vertically, they have an accuracy of up to 30-40 mm.
There is much variation in the application of GPS in surveying compared to the way GPS is applied in other equipment and methods. Two receivers are used in static GPS. These two receivers are positioned in a place for a significant period to allow them to compare measurements as satellites orbit. This ensures accuracy.
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